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Manakintown Huguenots On April 19, 1700 the Mary and Ann set sail for the Americas, arriving at the James River on July 23. They continued up the James River and founded a new town in Virginia called Manakintown. Among the passengers were Pierre Chastain, his wife, Susanne Renaud Chastain, and their five children, Jean Adam, Marie Susanne, Jeanne Francoise, Pierre Samuel, and one-year-old Susanne. The timing and location were not good. Arriving at the end of the summer meant the Huguenot settlers would not be able to grow crops for the winter. In fact, the next possible harvest would be more than a year away. Though many died that first year, things improved, and Manakintown became an important Huguenot settlement. |
| Date | Event |
| 1440-1455 | Guttenberg's invention of moveable type enabled printing and distribution of Bible and other information to the masses, which enabled works of Martin Luther and other reformers to be circulated throughout Europe. |
| ca. 1500 | Erasmus (1467-1563) begins to write and preach to reform the church. |
| 1512 | Jacques le Fevre (Jacobus Faber) writes Aaneti Pauli Epistolas. |
| 1515 | Accession of Francis I of France. |
| 1516 | Concordat of Bologna. |
| 1521 | Martin Luther proclaims documents of Reformation. |
| 1523 | First French translation of the Bible. |
| After 1525 | John Calvin led Protestant Reformation in France and Switzerland. |
| 1526 | Tyndale's English version of the New Testament printed in Antwerp. |
| 1529 | Louis de Berquin burnt at the stake. |
| 1534 | Protestant placard campaign in Paris. Calvin settles in Basle, Switzerland. |
| 1535 | Edict banning all heretics in France. First refugees leave France. Publication of Tyndale and Coverdale Bible in English in Hamburg. |
| 1538 | Foundation of the French Protestant church at Strasbourg. |
| 1539 | Bernard Palissy settles at Saintes. |
| 1540 | First substantial Huguenot settlements in Kent and Suxxes, England. French trading station established at Sheepshead Bay, NY. (Called Angouleine). |
| 1541 | French forts established near Quebec. |
| 1545 | Jean de Maynier, baron d'Oppede, ordrs massacre of Waldensians at Merindol and Cabrieres. Protestants massacreed in 22 French towns and 14 members of Protestant church at Mejux burned at stake over religion. |
| 1547 | Death of Henry VIII of England; accesion of Edward VI. Death of Francis I of France; accesion of Henry II. Protestantism established officially in England. Increased immigration of Huguenots to Kent, especially Canterbury. Chambre Ardente established in Paris. |
| 1548 | Large groups of French Huguenots began escaping to Channel Islands. First Huguenot congregation estalised at Canterbury by Jan Utehove and Francois de la Riviere of Orleans. |
| 1550 | Temple of Jesus licensed, earliest foreign Protestant Church in London. Church of St. Anthony's Hospital in Threeadneedle Street, London, given to French Huguenots. |
| June 27, 1551 | Edict of Chateaubriand placed severe restrictions on Protestants, including loss of one-third of property to informers and confiscation of all property of those who left France. "Heretical" books were forbidden or censored. |
| 1553 | Death of Edward VI; accesion of Mary I of England. Dispersion of London Protestants; persecution of English Protestants begins. |
| 1555 | French Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, Huguenot leader, envisions French Portestant colony in Brazil. King Henry II consented and colony was wiped out in 1557 by the Portuguese. First Huguenot consistory in Paris. |
| Sept., 1555 | First Protestant Church in Paris, France, organized in a home. Date sometimes given as 1556. |
| 1556 | Philip II succeeds to throne of Spain. |
| 1558 | Death of Mary I of England; accession of Elizabeth I. |
| 1559 | Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis. First national synod of the Reformed Churches of France in Paris at which 15 Protestant churches are represented. Death of Henry II; accession of Francis II of France. |
| 1560 | Conspiracy of Amboise to kill the king of France fails. Edict of Romorantin lays interdict on Protestantism. Meeting of States General at Orleans. Death of Francis II; accession of Charles IX of France. |
| July, 1561 | Royal edict authorizes imprisonment and confiscation of property upon all who attend any "heretical" (non-Roman Catholic) public or private worship service. Beginning of new influx of refugees to Kent from Low Countries, Picardy, Artois and Flanders. Coiloque of Poissy attempts to bring about a modus vevendi between Catholics and Protestants in France. |
| Jan., 1562 | Royal edict of Saint-Germain recognizes new religion as legal and offers some protection. Massacre of Vassy. First battle of civil war in France at Dreux. Siege of Rouen. |
| Feb. 18, 1562 | French colonists, mostly Protestants, set sail to start colony in Florida. |
| Mar., 1562 | Masacree of Protestants at Vassy starts first Civil War in France over religion. Forces of Duke of Guise attachedd a Protestant assembly in one of the towns of Champagne and killed some 50 to 60 worshipers. First battle of civil war at Dreux. |
| 1563 | Assassination of Francis, duke of Guise. Pacification of Amboise. |
| 1564 | French settlement at Fort Caroline, Florida, founded. Treaty of Troyes. |
| Sept., 1565 | Spanish forces captured Fort Caroline and slaughtered all inhabitants. |
| 1567 | Seige of Saint-Denis. Death of Montmorency. |
| 1567-1568 | Huguenot thread and lace makers established in Maidstone, England. Others escaped to Cranfield in Bedfordshire and others to the shires of Oxford, Northampton and Cambridge. Huguenots established glassworks in London during this period. |
| 1568 | Treaty of Longjumeau. Fort Caroline recaptured by French. |
| 1569 | Battle of Jarnac. Death of Conde. Battle of Montcontour. Peace of St. Germain. |
| 1570 | Henry of Navarre affianced to Marguerite de Valois. |
| 1572 | Anglo-French Treaty of Blois. Death of Jeanne d'Albret, queen of Navarre. Marriage of Henry of Navarre and Marguerite de Valois. Aug. 24, 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris and elsewhere in France in which thousands of Huguenots were lulled into a sense of false safety by King Charles IX and Queen Mother Catherine and slaughtered. Duc de Guise (Henri I de Lorraine) personally killed Admiral Gaspard de Coligny. Slaughter continues until October. Civil War Begins. |
| 1573 | Duke of Anjou elected king of Poland. Edict of Boulonge. |
| 1574 | Death of Charles IX; accession of Henry III of France. Huguenot settlement at Winchester, England, moved to Canterbury. Truce with Huguenots in France. |
| 1575 | Confederation of Milhaud. |
| 1576 | Formation of the Holy League. Peace of Monsieur and defeat of Henry III. War renewed. |
| 1577 | Peace of Bergerac. |
| 1579 | Peace of Fleix. Ordonnance of Blois. |
| 1584 | Death of duke of Anjou; Henry of Navarre becomes heir to the throne of France. Duke of Guise proclaims Cardinal de Bourbon heir apparent. Treaty of Joinville. |
| 1585 | Henry III forced to surrender to the League and the Guises. Treaty of Nemours. Outbreak of the War of the Three Henrys. |
| 1586 | Truce of Saint-Brice. |
| 1587 | Execution of Mary, queen of Scots. Battle of Coutras. Battle of Auneau. |
| 1588 | Day of the Barricades. Spanish Armada. Edict of Union. Duke of Guise and cardinal of Guise assassinated at Blois. |
| 1589 | Henry III assassinated; accession of Henry of Navarre as Henry IV of France. Death of Catherine de Medici. Battle of Arques. Death of Cardinal de Bourbon (Charles X). |
| 1590 | Battle of Ivy. Seige of Paris. |
| 1592 | Battle of Aumale. |
| 1593 | States General meet in Paris to elect king. Henry IV converted to Catholicism. |
| 1594 | Henry IV crowned at Cartres. Henry IV enters Paris. |
| 1595 | Defeat of Spanish at Fontaine-Francaise. |
| 1596 | Conference of Notables at Rouen. |
| 1597 | Spanish capture Amiens. French recapture Amiens. |
| 1598 | Peace of Vervins. Death of Philip II of Spain. Apr. 13, 1598 Edict of Nantes proclaimed returning civil and religious freedom to Protestants. So strong were Protestants in LaRochelle that Roman Catholic mass had not been said in 40 years. Huguenots, for a time, became a strong political power in France. End of Franco-Spanish War. Sable Island colony of Nova Scotia founded. |
| 1599 | Pierre Charivia was commissioned by King Henry IV to colonize North America and established trading posts on St. Lawrence River in Canada. |
| 1600 | Tadoussac on the St. Lawrence founded. Spanish defeated at Nieuport. |
| 1603 | Pierre du Gua, sieur de Monts, a Huguenot, was granted royal permission to possess and settle North America from the 40th to 46th degree North Latitude for 10 years. (Acadia, later Nova Scotia). Death of Elizabeth I of England and acession of James I. |
| 1605--1613 | Several French refugee merchants had settled in Dublin and Waterford in Ireland. |
| 1607 | Jamestown, VA, English colony established. |
| Summer, 1607 | Trade priviliges for de Monts withdrawn by king and Port Royal abandoned. |
| Summer, 1608 | Samuel de Champlain landed at what is now Quebec City and established trading post. Religious liberty was unrestricted and trade prospered. |
| 1609 | Group of Flemish Huguenots settled in Canongate, Scotland. Disrupted succession to the duchy of Cleves. |
| By 1609 | French Huguenots established manufacture of cloth in north and west of England in Worcester, Evesham, Droitwich, Kiddeminster, Stroud and Glastonbury and in east at Colchester, Hereford and Stamford. Colchester had 1,300 Walloon citizens by 1609. In the north of England, Huguenot establishments made coatings at Manchester, Bolton and Halifax and cloth caps and woollen stockings at Kendal. |
| May 14, 1610 | King Henry IV of France killed by assassin; accession ov Louis XIII. Duke de Rohan becomes leader of the Huguenots. Alliance with Evangelical Union of Swabisch. De Monts surrendered his colonization rights in North America which were purchased by Antoinette de Pons, a lady of honor to the queen and an intense devotee of Church of Rome and supporter of Society of Jesus (Jesuits). |
| 1613 | By this time Jesuits controlled religion in Acadia and restricted Protestants. |
| 1614 | Jean Dankerts (Jean Verassen) was first white man born on Manhattan island. |
| 1616 | Treaty of Loudon. |
| 1618 | Cardinal Richelieu publishes "Principal Points of Faith of the Catholic Church." |
| 1619 | Sir William Sandys reports on "our Frenchmen" in the Virginia colony. Huguenot Church of Bearn rejects Decree of Restitution. La Rochelle supports Bearnaise resistance to Louis XIII. |
| 1620 | Sieges of Montauban and Montpellier. Death of duke of Luynes. Defection of Sully, La Force and Chatillion to the Catholics. |
| 1621 | Jesse de Forest's request to settle in English colonies turned down by Sir Dudley Carleton. Instead they were directed to NY. |
| Sept., 1621 | English under King James I, laid claim to much of Canada east of St. Croix River and south of St. Lawrence, including much of Acadia (Nova Scotia). |
| 1621 to 1627 | Religious toleration still existed in Quebec and area and Huguenot merchants prospered. |
| 1622 | Archbishoip Laud attempts to compel refugees to conform to Angelican liturgy. Siege of Montpellier abandoned and peace signed. |
| March, 1623 | Sailing ship New Nederlandt sailed with 30 families from Texel River, Holland, for New Amsterdam. Four Huguenot families left New Amsterdam and settled settled near "Trenton Falls" on the Delaware River in Delaware, but returned to New Amsterdam because of Indian attacks. Other later early settlements were destroyed by Indians. |
| 1624 | Richelieu given seat on Royal Council and appointed chief minister to Louis XIII. |
| 1625 | Huguenot settlers established along the James River in VA. |
| 1625-1686 | Huguenots sought refuge in French colonies in Lesser Antilles of Caribbean -- St. Christopher, Guadeloupe, Martinique. |
| 1626 | Jesuits joined Franciscans in Quebec and religious turmoil began as privileges were withdrawn for Huguenots. Trade declined. Cardinal Richelieu was rising to power in France as he moved to reduce the political power of Huguenots. Siege of La Rochelle begins. Manhattan Island bought from Indians by Peter Minuet, a Huguenot. Permanent settlement established at Salem, MA, included Huguenots. |
| 1627 | King Charles I of England declared himself a friend of French Huguenots. |
| 1628 | English fleet sent to relieve Huguenots at La Rochelle, which had been under blockade by French troops under Louis XIII. Relief failed and La Rochelle fell to French troops on Oct. 8, 1628. Acadia (Nova Scotia) fell to English. |
| By 1628 | There were 300 inhabitants of New Amsterdam, mostly Huguenots. First Huguenot Church established on Manhattan Island. |
| 1629 | Huguenots in England ask for permission from King Charles I to settle in Carolinas and set sail in 1630, but were landed in VA. Massachusetts Bay Company charter granted. |
| Jan. 1629 | Some 50 settlers left England to establish, Charlestown, MA. Sir Robert Heath's Carolina charter granted. Baltimore decides to settle on the Chesapeake. Peace of Alais ends civil war in France and Huguenots cease to exist as a political force. |
| June 27, 1629 | French King Charles I, granted to Baron de Sauce permission to establish a colony on the lower James River in VA. |
| July 20, 1629 | Quebec surrendered to English forces after the English war with France was officially over. |
| Sept. 24, 1630 | First ship of de Sauce's French emigrants arrived at Southampton Hundred on the James River, but the colony did not prosper and they believed to have dispersed. |
| 1632 | English returned Quebec to France with Emery de Caen, son of Gullaume, sieur de la Mothe, as governor. Lord Baltimore's Maryland charter granted. Louis XIII bans all Huguenots from Canada. |
| 23 May, 1633 | Champlain again appointed governor of French Canada and returned Jesuits to religious power. From this time, Canada was formerly closed to Protestant colonists. While some Huguenot traders were allowed to remain, permanent residency was granted to none but Frenchmen of the Roman Catholic faith, marking the beginning of a steady decline of the economy with some Huguenots escaping to Nova Scotia and the British colonies. Huguenot merchants in France continued to trade with those remaining in Quebec. |
| 1633 | Archbishop Laud appointed to head commission for regulating colonies. |
| By 1634 | Some 20 villages established in Boston, MA, area, including Charlestown, Newton, Watertown, Roxbury and Dorchester. |
| 1642 | Death of Richelieu. |
| 1643 | Death of Louis XIII; accession of Louis XIV. Louis XIV guarantees Edict of Nantes. Mazarin prevents clamour for revocation. |
| 1647 | Dutch establish refreshment station at Table Bay. |
| 1648 | Outbreak of Fronde in France. Treaty of Westphalia. |
| 1650 | Jan van Riebeck established permanent settlement at Table Bay. |
| Feb. 25, 1651 | Acadia (Nova Scotia) again surrendered to English. |
| 1654 | Beginning of Huguenot emigration on a large scale to North America. |
| 1658 | New Harlem founded. |
| 1659 | Treaty of the Pyrenees. |
| 1659 & 1671 | Virginia passed acts allowing for naturalization of non- British in the colony. |
| 1660 | Restoration of Charles II to English throne. |
| 1661 | Death of Cardinal Mazarin. Beginning of serious persecution of Huguenots and infringement of Edict of Nantes. |
| From 1661 | Series of proclamations seriously restricted terms of Edict of Nantes. Protestant schools and churches were abolished and "dragonnardes" began, billeting French troops in Huguenot homes to spy upon the inhabitants. Escaping Huguenots were welcomed in many countries of Europe -- England, Holland, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden. At one time, more French resided in Berlin than Germans. |
| 1662 | Jean Touton's colony in Massachusetts founded. |
| 1663 | Carolinas Grant from King Charles II of England to eight proprietors. |
| 6 Sept., 1664 | New Netherland became an English colony and name changed to New York. |
| 1665 | First Dutch church registers in South Africa. |
| 1670 | Three ships arrived in Carolinas carrying settlers from London, mostly Huguenots. |
| 1677 | Huguenots purchased land on which New Platz, NY, established. |
| 1678 | Peace of Nijmegen. Attacks on Huguenots across France. |
| Apr. 30, 1680 | Ship "Richmond" arrives from England at Charles Town, SC, with 75 French Protestants. |
| 1681 | William Penn Jr. receives grant of Pennsylvania England's King Charles II. Collections made in England for needy French refugees. |
| 1682 | Pierre Daile sent to minister to American Huguenots. |
| Oct., 1682 | Penn made Philadelphia the capital of the Province of Pennsylvania. |
| 1683 | Dragonnardes organized to harass Huguenots in France. |
| Apr. 18, 1685 | Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Cassel was the first of the German princes to offer asylum to the Huguenots from France. |
| Oct., 1685 | Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by King Louis XIV. Many more Canadian Huguenots escaped to New England, from where they continued to trade with Canada. After Revocation, some 80,000 French manufacturers and workmen fled to the British Isles, bring such industries as paper making, silk makers, tanners, furniture making, silver smithing. England became an exporter, rather than an importer of such items as velvets, satins, silks, taffetas, laces, gloves, buttons, serge cloth, beaver and felt hats, linen, ironware, cutlery, feathers, fans, girdles, pins, needles, combs, soap, viengar and many more items manufacturered by the new Huguenot citizens. But life in another country was not without its problems, not only of language but also when the hard-working, frugal Huguenots came into competition with the citizens. |
| Oct., 1686 | Group of French Huguenots established Frenchtown, RI, 10 miles inland from Narragansett Bay. By 1691, their neighbors had driven all but two families from the town. |
| 1687 | Huguenot Relief Committee in London aided 600 Huguenots in their move to VA. |
| 1687 | Huguenots granted permission for Huguenot church in Boston on Nov. 24, 1687. Was completed in 1716. It later became an Anglican Church and later a Roman Catholic Church and the site now is occupied by a Boston bank. |
| 1687 | Huguenots had built their church in Charlestown, SC. |
| 1690 | French Huguenots from VA established permanent settlement on the Pamlico River in NC. |
| 1692 | William Penn Jr. was given land which became Delaware by the Duke of York. |
| 1700 | Some 700 emigrants led by Marquis de la Muce landed in Virginia and started Manakintown settlement. First ship to land was the "Mary Ann," which cleared from London on April 19, 1700, and arrived at Hampton, VA, on July 23. The "Peter and Anthony" landed Oct. 6, 1700; and the fourth was the "Nassau" or "Nasseau," which landed March 5, 1701. Little is known of the third ship. |
| 1704 | French Huguenots founded town of Bath, NC, on Pamlico River. |
| By 1707 | 400 refugee Huguenot families had settled in Scotland. Helped establish the Scottish weaving trade. |
| 1710 | Huguenots settled on the Trent and Neuse Rivers in NC and other Huguenots from Switzerland and Palatine Germany established New Bern, NC, soon thereafter. |
| Jan. 1733 | Gen. James Oglethorp, chief trustee of Georgia, arrived with 120 settlers, many of whom were Huguenots, at Yamacraw Bluffs on the Savannah River. Within four years the population had grown to 1,000. |
| 1740 | By act of English Parliament, alien immigrants into the colonies receive British citizenship. |
| 1755 | Acadians expelled from Nova Scotia. |
| 1763 | Treaty of Paris gave Britain control over 13 colonies. |
| 1775 | British government suspends emigration upon outbreak of hostilities in the colonies. |
| 1790 | First official census in the United States was 3,277,000 inhabitants. |
